Characters, improvisation, and ...

• OZ Project CMU
• AAAI-95 Spring Symposium on Interactive Story Systems: Plot and Character
• The Virtual Theater Project (Stanford KSL)
• Persona Project (Microsoft Research, see also)
  • Research efforts related to Lifelike Computer Characters
  • Planning-Based Control of Interface Animation (CHI 95 paper)
  • bibliography
• The Autonomous Agents Group MIT Media Lab, papers
• Media Research Laboratory at NYU
  • Behavioral Scripting: Method Acting for Synthetic Characters by Athomas Goldberg
  • The Improv ProjectA System for Real-Time Animation of Behavior-based Interactive Synthetic Actors
• Lifelike Computer Characters a "(mostly) annual" workshop. See also.
• WavesWorld: A Testbed for 3D Semi-Autonomous Animated Characters
• Swallows of Capistrano by Terry Franguiadakis
• Evolution of Behavior in a Simulated Environment
• About Behaviour Based Programming (HP Labs Bristol)
• Reactive, Behavior-Based Intelligence (MIT Cog Shop)
• Dogz, Catz, and Oddballz, computer pets from PF.Magic
• The Improv Project (NYU MRL) real-time, behavior-based, interactive synthetic actors
• The Puppetry Home Page
• A List of Cognitive Models by Wheeler Ruml
• Behaviors and Simulation by Francesca Barrientos
• Behavior Construction Kits by Mitchel Resnick
• Artificial Life meets Entertainment: Lifelike Autonomous Agents by Pattie Maes
• Wan-Chan a virtual pet from Na Software
• K-9 Cyber Companion Fujitsu Interactive (from the folks at Na Software?)
• Extempo Systems Inc. improvisational characters for consumer software
• Agents and Virtual Environments by Tim Finin, see also his AgentNews Webletter
• Anthrobotics, Inc.
• Interactive Characters by Michael Powers at Petroglyph
• Summary of Aristotle's The Poetics (and other books on drama) by Andrew Glassner.
• Chatterbots:
  • A collection of Natural Language Chatterbots by Simon Laven
  • Barry DeFacto from Robitron Software Research
  • Shallow Red from Neuromedia
  • Julia, a Chatterbot
• Bruce Blumberg on autonomous animated creatures (like Silas T. Dog in ALIVE)
• Virtual Humans
  • Virtual Humans / Humanoid Agents list of researchers
  • Virtual Humans '96 conference report
  • Virtual Humans 2 conference (VH2) 1997
  • Autonomous virtual humans by Daniel Thalmann et al.
  • Humana Virtualis
• Valentino Braitenberg's Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology
  • POPBUGS by Chris Thornton
  • Braitenberg's Vehicles by John Wiseman
  • Dawson's Margin Notes On Braitenberg's Vehicles
  • 3D simulator software for Linux by Robin Edwards
  • Braitenberg Creatures by Hogg, Martin, and Resnick
• Critters: evolved behavior by Nick Turner
• Sniffy the Virtual Rat
• Constructions of the Mind: Artificial Intelligence and the Humanities a special issue of the Stanford (Electronic) Humanities Review
• BB1: The Blackboard Control Architecture
• International Workshop on Computational Humor
• ComedyWriter Software
• Best Behaviors (CGW article on "smart characters") by Barbara Robertson
• First International Workshop on Human-Computer Conversation
• James Cremer: behaviors for autonomous drivers in traffic simulation
  • HCSM: Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine behavior system
  • Behavior Modeling and Scenario Authoring for Virtual Environments
  • A Directable Vehicle Behavior Model for Virtual Driving Environments (PostScript)
  • Iowa Driving Simulator
  • The Isaac Project
• Desktop Theater: Automatic Generation of Expressive Animation (PDF) by Steve Strassmann
• NICE Narrative Immersive Constructionist/Collaborative Environments
• Autonomous Agents in Virtual Worlds by Stephen Chenney
• Level Of Detail for Behaviours by Stephen Chenney
• IMoTion real-time behavioral animation, by Mônica Costa and Bruno Feijó
• Glossary of Virtual Worlds by Avi Bar-Zeev
• ANIMALS: Computer simulations of animal behavior by Toby Tyrrell
• W. Grey Walter:
  • The Grey Walter Online Archive (UWE)
  • Historic robot restored to working order (UWE)
  • Dr. W. Grey Walter and "Elsie" (1950 picture, in Moravec's book Robot)
  • W. Grey Walter's Machina Speculatrix Reproduction (LEGO Mindstorms)
  • Walter's World (New Scientist -- Planet Science)
  • Grey Walter's Robotic Turtles (Discovery Channel -- Dead Inventors' Corner)
• The Stage as a Character Automatic Creation of Acts of God for Dramatic Effect, by Brad Rhodes
• Intelligent Digital Actors from The Motion Factory
• Faces:
  • DECface by Chris Eveland and Keith Waters
  • BT's 3D Talking Head (British Telecommunications)
  • Facial Animation at UCSC Perceptual Science Laboratory
  • Facial Animation Overview by Scott King
• Entertainment and AI/Alife AAAI 1996 Workshop
• Dramatis Personae: Casting Cyberselves by Sally Jane Norman
• Modeling Autonomous Characters publications of Software Agents Group, MIT Media Lab.
• Evolving Improvisational Intelligence by William H. Calvin
• Fin Fin and TEO World
• SIGGRAPH 96 courses:
  • Life-Like, Believable Communication Agents
  • Artificial Life for Graphics, Animation, Multimedia, and Virtual Reality
• Dramatic Interaction In Virtual Worlds by Maggie Cooper & Ivor Benjamin
• Socially Intelligent Agents AAAI Fall Symposium Series, November 7-9, 1997
• Virtual Pet Home Page
• Your Interactive Pet Dinosaur / Tyrannosaurus Rex--The Unofficial Site
  • press release from Viacom New Media
  • story from Business Wire
• Performance Animation by Richard Cray
• Creating Personalities for Synthetic Actors (a hardcopy book) by R. Trappl and P. Petta
• Tamagotchi the pocket-size virtual pet from Bandai. There is a Java-based simulator.
• A Paradigm for Action Selection dissertation work by Phil Goetz
• Autonomous Animated Characters by James Kuffner
• ...

• Emotion Research Computational Models of Affect
• Emotionware about "emotional intelligent agents"
• Affective Computing Group at MIT's Media Lab
• Geneva Emotion Research Group [new]
• Kismet a sociable humanoid robot [new]

• Computer Generated Writing by Marius Watz
• An implemented model of punning riddles (JAPE) by Kim Binsted
• Computers at the dawn of creativity by Robert Matthews, in New Scientist
• Interactive Fiction:
  • The Interactive Fiction Page by Scott Neal Reilly
  • Erasmatazz: interactive storytelling system by Chris Crawford et al.
  • Interactive Fiction by Stephen Granade at the Mining Co.
  • Dramaera: interactive drama, see Narrative Environment (in RTF format) by Jean-Noël Portugal
• Creativity Research at Georgia Tech
• Creativity research by Margaret Boden of the University of Sussex
  • Artificial Genius in Discover magazine.
  • Agents & Creativity
  • creativity and unpredictability
  • Dimensions of Creativity
  • The Logic of Creativity
  • The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms
• Micro-Talespin: A Story Generator a reconstruction by Warren Sack of James Meehan's classic program Tale-spin.
• Creative Cognition Lab at Hampshire College and some of their projects
• EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence) by David Cope
• Are Computers Approaching Human-Level Creativity? (1997 Stanford symposia)
• Fluid Concepts & Creative Analogies by Douglas R. Hofstadter
• ...

• Boston Dynamics Inc.
• Georgia Tech GVU: Simulating Human Motion
• Center for Human Modeling and Simulation at UPenn, the home of Jack
• Animats: artificial animals
• KATrix Inc.
• Character Studio from Kinetix
• ...

• Navigational overview by Bjørn Reese
• An optimal pathfinder for vehicles in real-world digital terrain maps by F. Markus Jönsson
• Robot Motion Planning from Geometry in Action
• Smart unit navigation by John Christian Lønningdal
• Smart Moves: Intelligent Pathfinding by Bryan Stout
• Coordinated Unit Movement and Implementing Coordinated Movement by Dave Pottinger
• Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters by Craig Reynolds
• ...

• Galapagos an artificial life game with a learning, 3d, legged character from Anark.
• BotMUD AI agents in an unfriendly world
• A posposed softbot for Netrek by Colin MacDonald
• Creatures: a CyberLife project from Millennium Interactive and Inscape/WI.
• By Steve Woodcock:
  • Artificial Intelligence in Games
  • Game AI: The State of the Industry
• 1999 AAAI Symposium on Computer Games and Artificial Intelligence
• Games for programmers:
  • Robot Auto Racing Simulation, see also the RARS Link Page, and this.
  • C++ Robots
  • Bolo (Swarthmore)
  • Bolo (U of Chicago)
  • The Robot Club (for kids)
  • Table-Tennis Simulator used for Neural Networks
  • Xconq
  • RoboCup RoboSoccer Simulator League
    • Soccer Server
    • RoboCup Practice Server
  • RoboSport
  • Robot Warfare 1
• Machine Learning in Games by Jay Scott
• The Mud Connector
• MUD Area building software and links
• Quake Bots (autonomous players for the game Quake)
  • What is a QuakeBot?
  • QuakeBot C/S
  • Deathmatch 'bot
  • mikeBot
  • Bot Author's Guild Client-Side Autonomous QuakeBots
  • Quake Domain - Quake Bots
  • Automated Opponents GameSpot's Witchfinder's Quake for the People
  • Den's Quake Bots Page
  • Slipgate Central - Addons:Bots
• Using Games as an Experimental Testbed for AI Research at IJCAI-97
• Excalibur Adaptive Constraint-based Agents in Artificial Environments
• Creating Intelligent Creatures (CGW article) by Donna Coco
• Game Programming by Amit J. Patel
• GAIA engine for simulation of behavior from Appeal
• Behavior for games in The Symbolic Theory of Game Design
• TR² / GAIN Games authoring system for intelligent, emotional characters
• ...

• Participatory Artificial Life Demonstration
• TechnoSphere
• ALife Garden
• Cambrian Explosion from Emergent Software
• PolyWorld an Artificial Life System and Computational Ecology, by Larry Yaeger (see also this material at INA's MediaPort)
• Biotopia 2.1
• ...

• Mobile Robot Laboratory at Georgia Tech
• CWRU Autonomous Agents Research Group
• Sussex Evolutionary Robotics
• ARPA Real Time Planning and Control Program for Unmanned Ground Vehicles
• IS Robotics Corporation
• Khepera autonomous desktop robot, and a simulator for it.
• Self Sufficiency Project VUB AI lab
• Down to the Sea in Robots autonomous underwater vehicles
• Robot soccer
  • RoboCup: The World Cup Robot Soccer
  • ICMAS-96 workshop on RoboCup
  • RoboSoccer: Collaborative and Adversarial Planning and Learning
  • ASCII Robot Soccer competition between autonomous players
  • Robotic Soccer by Peter Stone
• NRaD Robotics autonomous vehicles
• Robot Simulators on the Net
• International Robotics Football Tournament at ECAL
• A Computational Model of Driving for Autonomous Vehicles
• Autonomous Vehicle Systems University of Texas at Arlington
• Collective Behavior Cooperative Mobile Robotics -- UCLA
• Autonomous Mobile Robotics Bibliography by Deborah Stacey
• Obstacle avoidance:
  • Avoiding obstacles by Chris Thornton
  • Tele-autonomous Obstacle Avoidance by Johann Borenstein and Yoram Koren
• NavLab: Autonomous Navigation
• A Reactive System for Off-Road Autonomous Driving
• Predictive Control of Mobile Robots
• Robust Obstacle Avoidance in Unknown and Cramped Environments
• RACCOON: Car Following at Night
• ALVINN Project (Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network)
• Autonomous Vehicle Path Following and Obstacle Avoidance Simulations by Art Rankin
• Autonomous Vehicles Laboratory Ohio State University
• Movies of Autonomous vehicles at SHARP (including obstacle avoidance, cross traffic, and parking)
• Lateral guidance for Advanced vehicle control systems
• Association of Unmanned Vehicle Systems and its Autonomous Robotics Competitions
• Sixth Annual Mobile Robot Competition at AAAI-97
• The Artificial Inchworm Study
• ARPA Real Time Planning and Control Program
• Day of the Dolphinoid (and Ethorobotics of Dolphinoids) by Douglas Moreman related to Ridge Trek a project to explore the Mid Atlantic Ridge with autonomous microsubmarines.
• RobotZoo SGI and TIME Magazine
• Cool Robot Of The Week from NASA
• Honda Humanoid Robot
• ...

• Cybernetics:
  • Cybernetics (Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine) by Norbert Wiener
  • The American Society for Cybernetics
  • A gallery of monsters: Cybernetics and self-organisation, 1940-1970 by Andrew Pickering
• Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) by The Control Systems Group (CSG)

• Intelligent Software Agents
• Intelligent Agents II Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages
• An article from The Economist on Software Agents
• The Animate Agent Project (University of Chicago)
• Agents Info
• firefly
• International Conference on Autonomous Agents
  • Autonomous Agents '97
  • Autonomous Agents '98
• A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents by Stan Franklin and Art Graesser
• The Experimental Knowledge Systems Laboratory (UMass Amherst)
• IBM Intelligent Agent page
• Animated Interface Agents: Making Them Intelligent (in conjunction with IJCAI-97)
• The Agent Society
• ...

• Boids: model of bird flocking
• Self-Organization in Large Populations of Mobile Robots (Cem Ünsal)
• CACTUS: multi-agent crowd models (for police training)
• SFI Swarm: systems of concurrently interacting agents
• Soar/IFOR (simulated fighter pilots) see also Soar IFOR Project
• Agentsheets design your own SimCity^TM-like interactive agent-based system
• Distributed Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Agent Systems
• Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams, by Mitchel Resnick
• Second International Conference on Multiagent Systems (ICMAS '96) Workshops:
  • Animal Societies as an Alternative Metaphor Basis for DAI
  • Learning, Interaction and Organizations in Multiagent Environments
• Multi-Agents, Teamwork, Agent modeling, Plan recognition, Intelligent Agent by Milind Tambe
• MAGMA Modelling Autonomous aGents in a Multi-Agent world
• CDPS The Maine Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving Research Group
• Cocoa (formerly KidSim)
• Intelligent Simulated Forces and Computer Controlled Hostiles... by the Computer Generated Forces group at the UCF Institute for Simulation and Training
• Economic Simulation Conference Conference Proceedings
• Modeling Audience Group Behavior by Nuria Oliver and Stephen Intille
• The @gency by Serge Stinckwich
• Cooperative Mobile Robotics: Antecedents and Directions by Y. Uny Cao, Alex S. Fukunaga, and Andrew B. Kahng (UCLA 1996).
• Complexity and Social Behaviour by Octavio Miramontes
• Vehicle Movements in A Microscopic Traffic Simulator for Evaluation of Dynamic Traffic Management Systems by Yang Qi and Haris N. Koutsopoulos
• Sugarscape and the book Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. See also this feature at Discovery Online.
• FoMAS '97 2nd UK Workshop on Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems (Dec 1997)
• The Emergent Systems Group of Coopers & Lybrand uses multiple agent systems to model decision making and trends in various simulations of real world marketplaces.
• Center for Computable Economics
• FOMAS '97 2nd UK Workshop on Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems (Dec 1997)
• The Ants: A Community of Microrobots and their social behavior
• MultiAgent systems
• ...

See also

• Artificial Life
• Behavioral Animation
• Individual-Based Models

Information on the Adaptive Behavior journal and the International Society for Adaptive Behavior.

Send comments to Craig Reynolds <cwr@red3d.com>
Last update: March 2, 2003